An estimated 99% of farm animals in the United States are raised in concentrated animal feeding operations, or CAFOs. Often called factory farms, these facilities raise livestock in densely packed, enclosed spaces, with some housing tens of thousands of animals at one time.

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In a new Technology in Society paper, Sheng and co-authors analyzed 4,800 independently generated images and found that ChatGPT defaulted to pastoral imagery when prompted to depict dairy and pig farms, even when they requested more realistic images. However, when researchers disabled the underlying prompt revision, the generated images depicted more intensive livestock farming.